Neuroimmune signaling

Neuroimmune signaling refers to the intricate communication pathways between the nervous and immune systems that maintain homeostasis, respond to injury or infection, and regulate both neurodevelopment and immune responses. Emerging research reveals that neuroimmune signaling plays a crucial role in both health and disease, linking conditions like inflammation, stress, neurodegeneration, and mental health disorders.

Key Components of Neuroimmune Signaling:

 Cells Involved

  1. Neurons: The primary signaling units of the nervous system that transmit electrical and chemical signals.
  2. Glial Cells:
    • Microglia: The brain's resident immune cells, responsible for immune surveillance and responding to injury or infection.
    • Astrocytes: Regulate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and provide metabolic support to neurons.
    • Oligodendrocytes: Insulate neurons via myelination and can modulate immune responses.
  3. Immune Cells:
    • T cells and B cells: Enter the central nervous system (CNS) during inflammation or disease.
    • Macrophages and Monocytes: Infiltrate the CNS during injury or infection and interact with glial cells.

B. Molecules Involved

  1. Cytokines and Chemokines: Immune-signaling proteins (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and CXCL12) that mediate inflammation and repair.
  2. Neurotransmitters: Molecules like dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin that can influence immune cell behavior.
  3. Hormones:
    • Cortisol (via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis) dampens immune responses under stress.
    • Adrenaline modulates immune cell trafficking and inflammation.
  4. Complement Proteins: Involved in synaptic pruning and neuroinflammation

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